如何安裝並設置 Vagrant
虛擬機,並不複雜
多年來,開發人員一直使用虛擬機作為其工作流程的一部分,允許他們交換和更改運行軟體的環境,這通常是為了防止項目之間的衝突,例如需要 php 5.3 的項目 A 和需要 php 5.4 的項目 B。
並且使用虛擬機意味著你只需要你正在使用的計算機就行,而不需要專用硬體來鏡像你的生產環境。
當多個開發人員在一個項目上工作時,它也很方便,他們都可以運行一個包含所有需求的環境,但是維護多台機器並確保所有的需求都具有相同的版本是非常困難的,這時 Vagrant 就能派上用場了。
使用虛擬機的好處
- 你的虛擬機與主機環境是分開的
- 你可以根據你代碼的要求裁剪一個定製虛擬機
- 不會影響其他虛擬機
- 可以運行在你的主機上無法運行的程序,例如在 Ubuntu 中運行一些只能在 Windows 運行的軟體
什麼是 Vagrant
簡而言之,這是一個與虛擬機一起工作的工具,可以讓你自動創建和刪除虛擬機。
它圍繞一個名為 VagrantFile
的配置文件而工作,這個配置文件告訴 Vagrant 你想要安裝的操作系統,以及一些其他選項,如 IP 和目錄同步。 你還可以在虛擬機上添加一個命令的配置腳本。
通過共享這個 VagrantFile
,項目的所有開發人員全可以使用完全相同的虛擬機。
安裝要求
安裝 VirtualBox
VirtualBox 是運行虛擬機的程序,它可以從 Ubuntu 倉庫中安裝。
sudo apt-get install virtualbox
安裝 Vagrant
對於 Vagrant 本身,你要前往 https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html 查看適用於你的操作系統的安裝軟體包。
安裝增強功能
如果你打算與虛擬機共享任何文件夾,則需要安裝以下插件。
vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
配置 Vagrant
首先我們需要為 Vagrant 創建一個文件夾。
mkdir ~/Vagrant/test-vm
cd ~/Vagrant/test-vm
創建 VagrantFile:
vagrant init
開啟虛擬機:
vagrant up
登錄機器:
vagrant-ssh
此時,你將擁有一個基本的 vagrant 機器,以及一個名為 VagrantFile
的文件。
定製
在上面的步驟中創建的 VagrantFile
看起來類似於以下內容
VagrantFile:
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
# The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
# For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
# https://docs.vagrantup.com.
# Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
# boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
config.vm.box = "base"
# Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
# boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
# `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
# config.vm.box_check_update = false
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
# accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
# NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
# via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"
# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
# using a specific IP.
# config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
# Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
# Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
# your network.
# config.vm.network "public_network"
# Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
# the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
# the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
# argument is a set of non-required options.
# config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"
# Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
# backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
# Example for VirtualBox:
#
# config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
# # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
# vb.gui = true
#
# # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
# vb.memory = "1024"
# end
#
# View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
# information on available options.
# Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
# Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
# documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
# config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
# apt-get update
# apt-get install -y apache2
# SHELL
end
現在這個 VagrantFile
將創建基本的虛擬機。但 Vagrant 背後的理念是讓虛擬機為我們的特定任務而配置,所以我們刪除注釋和調整配置。
VagrantFile:
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
# Set the Linux Version to Debian Jessie
config.vm.box = "debian/jessie64"
# Set the IP of the Box
config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
# Sync Our Projects Directory with the WWW directory
config.vm.synced_folder "~/Projects", "/var/www/"
# Run the following to Provision
config.vm.provision "shell", path: "install.sh"
end
現在我們有一個簡單的 VagrantFile
,它將 Linux 版本設置為 debian jessie,設置一個 IP 給我們使用,同步我們感興趣的文件夾,並最後運行 install.sh
,這是我們可以運行 shell 命令的地方。
install.sh:
#! /usr/bin/env bash
# Variables
DBHOST=localhost
DBNAME=dbname
DBUSER=dbuser
DBPASSWD=test123
echo "[ Provisioning machine ]"
echo "1) Update APT..."
apt-get -qq update
echo "1) Install Utilities..."
apt-get install -y tidy pdftk curl xpdf imagemagick openssl vim git
echo "2) Installing Apache..."
apt-get install -y apache2
echo "3) Installing PHP and packages..."
apt-get install -y php5 libapache2-mod-php5 libssh2-php php-pear php5-cli php5-common php5-curl php5-dev php5-gd php5-imagick php5-imap php5-intl php5-mcrypt php5-memcached php5-mysql php5-pspell php5-xdebug php5-xmlrpc
#php5-suhosin-extension, php5-mysqlnd
echo "4) Installing MySQL..."
debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password password secret"
debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password_again password secret"
apt-get install -y mysql-server
mysql -uroot -p$DBPASSWD -e "CREATE DATABASE $DBNAME"
mysql -uroot -p$DBPASSWD -e "grant all privileges on $DBNAME.* to '$DBUSER'@'localhost' identified by '$DBPASSWD'"
echo "5) Generating self signed certificate..."
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/localcerts
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -subj "/C=US/ST=Denial/L=Springfield/O=Dis/CN=www.example.com" -out /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache.pem -keyout /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache.key
chmod 600 /etc/ssl/localcerts/apache*
echo "6) Setup Apache..."
a2enmod rewrite
> /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
echo "
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
DocumentRoot /var/www/
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>
" >> /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf
service apache2 restart
echo "7) Composer Install..."
curl --silent https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
echo "8) Install NodeJS..."
curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_6.x | sudo -E bash -
apt-get -qq update
apt-get -y install nodejs
echo "9) Install NPM Packages..."
npm install -g gulp gulp-cli
echo "Provisioning Completed"
通過上面的步驟,在你的目錄中會有 VagrantFile
和 install.sh
,運行 vagrant 會做下面的事情:
- 採用 Debian Jessie 來創建虛擬機
- 將機器的 IP 設置為 192.168.33.10
- 同步
~/Projects
和/var/www/
目錄 - 安裝並設置 Apache、Mysql、PHP、Git、Vim
- 安裝並運行 Composer
- 安裝 Nodejs 和 gulp
- 創建一個 MySQL 資料庫
- 創建自簽名證書
通過與其他人共享 VagrantFile
和 install.sh
,你可以在兩台不同的機器上使用完全相同的環境。
via: https://www.chris-shaw.com/blog/how-to-install-and-setup-vagrant
作者:Christopher Shaw 譯者:MjSeven 校對:wxy
本文轉載來自 Linux 中國: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive