在 RHEL/CentOS 系統上使用 YUM history 命令回滾升級操作
為伺服器打補丁是 Linux 系統管理員的一項重要任務,為的是讓系統更加穩定,性能更加優化。廠商經常會發布一些安全/高危的補丁包,相關軟體需要升級以防範潛在的安全風險。
Yum (Yellowdog Update Modified) 是 CentOS 和 RedHat 系統上用的 RPM 包管理工具,yum history
命令允許系統管理員將系統回滾到上一個狀態,但由於某些限制,回滾不是在所有情況下都能成功,有時 yum
命令可能什麼都不做,有時可能會刪掉一些其他的包。
我建議你在升級之前還是要做一個完整的系統備份,而 yum history
並不能用來替代系統備份的。系統備份能讓你將系統還原到任意時候的節點狀態。
推薦閱讀:
某些情況下,安裝的應用程序在升級了補丁之後不能正常工作或者出現一些錯誤(可能是由於庫不兼容或者軟體包升級導致的),那該怎麼辦呢?
與應用開發團隊溝通,並找出導致庫和軟體包的問題所在,然後使用 yum history
命令進行回滾。
注意:
- 它不支持回滾 selinux,selinux-policy-*,kernel,glibc (以及依賴 glibc 的包,比如 gcc)。
- 不建議將系統降級到更低的版本(比如 CentOS 6.9 降到 CentOS 6.8),這會導致系統處於不穩定的狀態
讓我們先來看看系統上有哪些包可以升級,然後挑選出一些包來做實驗。
# yum update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Setting up Update Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
epel/metalink | 12 kB 00:00
* epel: mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca
base | 3.7 kB 00:00
dockerrepo | 2.9 kB 00:00
draios | 2.9 kB 00:00
draios/primary_db | 13 kB 00:00
epel | 4.3 kB 00:00
epel/primary_db | 5.9 MB 00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00
updates/primary_db | 2.5 MB 00:00
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.4 will be updated
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 will be an update
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.4 will be updated
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 will be an update
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
git x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 4.6 M
httpd x86_64 2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 updates 836 k
httpd-tools x86_64 2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 updates 80 k
perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 29 k
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Upgrade 4 Package(s)
Total download size: 5.5 M
Is this ok [y/N]: n
你會發現 git
包可以被升級,那我們就用它來實驗吧。運行下面命令獲得軟體包的版本信息(當前安裝的版本和可以升級的版本)。
# yum list git
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Setting up Update Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* epel: mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca
Installed Packages
git.x86_64 1.7.1-8.el6 @base
Available Packages
git.x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates
運行下面命令來將 git
從 1.7.1-8
升級到 1.7.1-9
。
# yum update git
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
Setting up Update Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: repos.lax.quadranet.com
* epel: fedora.mirrors.pair.com
* extras: mirrors.seas.harvard.edu
* updates: mirror.sesp.northwestern.edu
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
--> Processing Dependency: git = 1.7.1-8.el6 for package: perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
--> Running transaction check
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
git x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 4.6 M
Updating for dependencies:
perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 29 k
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Upgrade 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Setting up and reading Presto delta metadata
Processing delta metadata
Package(s) data still to download: 4.6 M
(1/2): git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 MB 00:00
(2/2): perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch.rpm | 29 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 5.8 MB/s | 4.6 MB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Updating : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 1/4
Updating : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 2/4
Cleanup : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 3/4
Cleanup : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 4/4
Verifying : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 1/4
Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 2/4
Verifying : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 3/4
Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 4/4
Updated:
git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9
Dependency Updated:
perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9
Complete!
驗證升級後的 git
版本.
# yum list git
Installed Packages
git.x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 @updates
或
# rpm -q git
git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64
現在我們成功升級這個軟體包,可以對它進行回滾了。步驟如下。
使用 YUM history 命令回滾升級操作
首先,使用下面命令獲取 yum 操作的 id。下面的輸出很清晰地列出了所有需要的信息,例如操作 id、誰做的這個操作(用戶名)、操作日期和時間、操作的動作(安裝還是升級)、操作影響的包數量。
# yum history
或
# yum history list all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 | root | 2017-08-18 13:30 | Update | 2
12 | root | 2017-08-10 07:46 | Install | 1
11 | root | 2017-07-28 17:10 | E, I, U | 28 EE
10 | root | 2017-04-21 09:16 | E, I, U | 162 EE
9 | root | 2017-02-09 17:09 | E, I, U | 20 EE
8 | root | 2017-02-02 10:45 | Install | 1
7 | root | 2016-12-15 06:48 | Update | 1
6 | root | 2016-12-15 06:43 | Install | 1
5 | root | 2016-12-02 10:28 | E, I, U | 23 EE
4 | root | 2016-10-28 05:37 | E, I, U | 13 EE
3 | root | 2016-10-18 12:53 | Install | 1
2 | root | 2016-09-30 10:28 | E, I, U | 31 EE
1 | root | 2016-07-26 11:40 | E, I, U | 160 EE
上面命令顯示有兩個包受到了影響,因為 git
還升級了它的依賴包 perl-Git
。 運行下面命令來查看關於操作的詳細信息。
# yum history info 13
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
Transaction ID : 13
Begin time : Fri Aug 18 13:30:52 2017
Begin rpmdb : 420:f5c5f9184f44cf317de64d3a35199e894ad71188
End time : 13:30:54 2017 (2 seconds)
End rpmdb : 420:d04a95c25d4526ef87598f0dcaec66d3f99b98d4
User : root
Return-Code : Success
Command Line : update git
Transaction performed with:
Installed rpm-4.8.0-55.el6.x86_64 @base
Installed yum-3.2.29-81.el6.centos.noarch @base
Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.30-40.el6.noarch @base
Installed yum-presto-0.6.2-1.el6.noarch @anaconda-CentOS-201207061011.x86_64/6.3
Packages Altered:
Updated git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 @base
Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 @updates
Updated perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch @base
Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch @updates
history info
運行下面命令來回滾 git
包到上一個版本。
# yum history undo 13
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
Undoing transaction 53, from Fri Aug 18 13:30:52 2017
Updated git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 @base
Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 @updates
Updated perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch @base
Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch @updates
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: repos.lax.quadranet.com
* epel: fedora.mirrors.pair.com
* extras: repo1.dal.innoscale.net
* updates: mirror.vtti.vt.edu
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Downgrading:
git x86_64 1.7.1-8.el6 base 4.6 M
perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-8.el6 base 29 k
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Downgrade 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Setting up and reading Presto delta metadata
Processing delta metadata
Package(s) data still to download: 4.6 M
(1/2): git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 MB 00:00
(2/2): perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch.rpm | 29 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 3.4 MB/s | 4.6 MB 00:01
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 1/4
Installing : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 2/4
Cleanup : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 3/4
Cleanup : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 4/4
Verifying : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 1/4
Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 2/4
Verifying : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 3/4
Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 4/4
Removed:
git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9
Installed:
git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6
Complete!
回滾後,使用下面命令來檢查降級包的版本。
# yum list git
或
# rpm -q git
git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64
使用YUM downgrade 命令回滾升級
此外,我們也可以使用 YUM downgrade
命令回滾升級。
# yum downgrade git-1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6
Loaded plugins: search-disabled-repos, security, ulninfo
Setting up Downgrade Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Downgrading:
git x86_64 1.7.1-8.el6 base 4.6 M
perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-8.el6 base 29 k
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Downgrade 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/2): git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 MB 00:00
(2/2): perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch.rpm | 28 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 3.7 MB/s | 4.6 MB 00:01
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 1/4
Installing : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 2/4
Cleanup : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 3/4
Cleanup : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 4/4
Verifying : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 1/4
Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 2/4
Verifying : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 3/4
Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 4/4
Removed:
git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9
Installed:
git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6
Complete!
注意: 你也需要降級依賴包,否則它會刪掉當前版本的依賴包而不是對依賴包做降級,因為 downgrade
命令無法處理依賴關係。
至於 Fedora 用戶
命令是一樣的,只需要將包管理器名稱從 yum
改成 dnf
就行了。
# dnf list git
# dnf history
# dnf history info
# dnf history undo
# dnf list git
# dnf downgrade git-1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/rollback-fallback-updates-downgrade-packages-centos-rhel-fedora/
作者:2daygeek 譯者:lujun9972 校對:wxy
本文轉載來自 Linux 中國: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive