Linux中國

在 RHEL/CentOS 系統上使用 YUM history 命令回滾升級操作

為伺服器打補丁是 Linux 系統管理員的一項重要任務,為的是讓系統更加穩定,性能更加優化。廠商經常會發布一些安全/高危的補丁包,相關軟體需要升級以防範潛在的安全風險。

Yum (Yellowdog Update Modified) 是 CentOS 和 RedHat 系統上用的 RPM 包管理工具,yum history 命令允許系統管理員將系統回滾到上一個狀態,但由於某些限制,回滾不是在所有情況下都能成功,有時 yum 命令可能什麼都不做,有時可能會刪掉一些其他的包。

我建議你在升級之前還是要做一個完整的系統備份,而 yum history 並不能用來替代系統備份的。系統備份能讓你將系統還原到任意時候的節點狀態。

推薦閱讀:

某些情況下,安裝的應用程序在升級了補丁之後不能正常工作或者出現一些錯誤(可能是由於庫不兼容或者軟體包升級導致的),那該怎麼辦呢?

與應用開發團隊溝通,並找出導致庫和軟體包的問題所在,然後使用 yum history 命令進行回滾。

注意:

  • 它不支持回滾 selinux,selinux-policy-*,kernel,glibc (以及依賴 glibc 的包,比如 gcc)。
  • 不建議將系統降級到更低的版本(比如 CentOS 6.9 降到 CentOS 6.8),這會導致系統處於不穩定的狀態

讓我們先來看看系統上有哪些包可以升級,然後挑選出一些包來做實驗。

# yum update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Setting up Update Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
epel/metalink | 12 kB 00:00
 * epel: mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca
base | 3.7 kB 00:00
dockerrepo | 2.9 kB 00:00
draios | 2.9 kB 00:00
draios/primary_db | 13 kB 00:00
epel | 4.3 kB 00:00
epel/primary_db | 5.9 MB 00:00
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00
updates/primary_db | 2.5 MB 00:00
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.4 will be updated
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 will be an update
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.4 will be updated
---> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 will be an update
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
 git x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 4.6 M
 httpd x86_64 2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 updates 836 k
 httpd-tools x86_64 2.2.15-60.el6.centos.5 updates 80 k
 perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 29 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Upgrade 4 Package(s)

Total download size: 5.5 M
Is this ok [y/N]: n

你會發現 git 包可以被升級,那我們就用它來實驗吧。運行下面命令獲得軟體包的版本信息(當前安裝的版本和可以升級的版本)。

# yum list git
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Setting up Update Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * epel: mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca
Installed Packages
git.x86_64 1.7.1-8.el6 @base
Available Packages
git.x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates

運行下面命令來將 git1.7.1-8 升級到 1.7.1-9

# yum update git
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
Setting up Update Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: repos.lax.quadranet.com
 * epel: fedora.mirrors.pair.com
 * extras: mirrors.seas.harvard.edu
 * updates: mirror.sesp.northwestern.edu
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
--> Processing Dependency: git = 1.7.1-8.el6 for package: perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
--> Running transaction check
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be updated
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be an update
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
 git x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 4.6 M
Updating for dependencies:
 perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-9.el6_9 updates 29 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Upgrade 2 Package(s)

Total download size: 4.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Setting up and reading Presto delta metadata
Processing delta metadata
Package(s) data still to download: 4.6 M
(1/2): git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 MB 00:00
(2/2): perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch.rpm | 29 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 5.8 MB/s | 4.6 MB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
 Updating : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 1/4
 Updating : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 2/4
 Cleanup : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 3/4
 Cleanup : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 4/4
 Verifying : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 1/4
 Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 2/4
 Verifying : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 3/4
 Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 4/4

Updated:
 git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9

Dependency Updated:
 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9

Complete!

驗證升級後的 git 版本.

# yum list git
Installed Packages
git.x86_64 1.7.1-9.el6_9 @updates

或
# rpm -q git
git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64

現在我們成功升級這個軟體包,可以對它進行回滾了。步驟如下。

使用 YUM history 命令回滾升級操作

首先,使用下面命令獲取 yum 操作的 id。下面的輸出很清晰地列出了所有需要的信息,例如操作 id、誰做的這個操作(用戶名)、操作日期和時間、操作的動作(安裝還是升級)、操作影響的包數量。

# yum history
或
# yum history list all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 | root | 2017-08-18 13:30 | Update | 2
 12 | root | 2017-08-10 07:46 | Install | 1
 11 | root | 2017-07-28 17:10 | E, I, U | 28 EE
 10 | root | 2017-04-21 09:16 | E, I, U | 162 EE
 9 | root | 2017-02-09 17:09 | E, I, U | 20 EE
 8 | root | 2017-02-02 10:45 | Install | 1
 7 | root | 2016-12-15 06:48 | Update | 1
 6 | root | 2016-12-15 06:43 | Install | 1
 5 | root | 2016-12-02 10:28 | E, I, U | 23 EE
 4 | root | 2016-10-28 05:37 | E, I, U | 13 EE
 3 | root | 2016-10-18 12:53 | Install | 1
 2 | root | 2016-09-30 10:28 | E, I, U | 31 EE
 1 | root | 2016-07-26 11:40 | E, I, U | 160 EE

上面命令顯示有兩個包受到了影響,因為 git 還升級了它的依賴包 perl-Git。 運行下面命令來查看關於操作的詳細信息。

# yum history info 13
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
Transaction ID : 13
Begin time : Fri Aug 18 13:30:52 2017
Begin rpmdb : 420:f5c5f9184f44cf317de64d3a35199e894ad71188
End time : 13:30:54 2017 (2 seconds)
End rpmdb : 420:d04a95c25d4526ef87598f0dcaec66d3f99b98d4
User : root
Return-Code : Success
Command Line : update git
Transaction performed with:
 Installed rpm-4.8.0-55.el6.x86_64 @base
 Installed yum-3.2.29-81.el6.centos.noarch @base
 Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.30-40.el6.noarch @base
 Installed yum-presto-0.6.2-1.el6.noarch @anaconda-CentOS-201207061011.x86_64/6.3
Packages Altered:
 Updated git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 @base
 Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 @updates
 Updated perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch @base
 Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch @updates
history info

運行下面命令來回滾 git 包到上一個版本。

# yum history undo 13
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, presto
Undoing transaction 53, from Fri Aug 18 13:30:52 2017
 Updated git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 @base
 Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 @updates
 Updated perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch @base
 Update 1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch @updates
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: repos.lax.quadranet.com
 * epel: fedora.mirrors.pair.com
 * extras: repo1.dal.innoscale.net
 * updates: mirror.vtti.vt.edu
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Downgrading:
 git x86_64 1.7.1-8.el6 base 4.6 M
 perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-8.el6 base 29 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Downgrade 2 Package(s)

Total download size: 4.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Setting up and reading Presto delta metadata
Processing delta metadata
Package(s) data still to download: 4.6 M
(1/2): git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 MB 00:00
(2/2): perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch.rpm | 29 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 3.4 MB/s | 4.6 MB 00:01
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
 Installing : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 1/4
 Installing : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 2/4
 Cleanup : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 3/4
 Cleanup : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 4/4
 Verifying : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 1/4
 Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 2/4
 Verifying : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 3/4
 Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 4/4

Removed:
 git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9

Installed:
 git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6

Complete!

回滾後,使用下面命令來檢查降級包的版本。

# yum list git
或
# rpm -q git
git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64

使用YUM downgrade 命令回滾升級

此外,我們也可以使用 YUM downgrade 命令回滾升級。

# yum downgrade git-1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6
Loaded plugins: search-disabled-repos, security, ulninfo
Setting up Downgrade Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=================================================================================================
 Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Downgrading:
 git x86_64 1.7.1-8.el6 base 4.6 M
 perl-Git noarch 1.7.1-8.el6 base 29 k

Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Downgrade 2 Package(s)

Total download size: 4.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/2): git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64.rpm | 4.6 MB 00:00
(2/2): perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch.rpm | 28 kB 00:00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 3.7 MB/s | 4.6 MB 00:01
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
 Installing : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 1/4
 Installing : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 2/4
 Cleanup : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 3/4
 Cleanup : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 4/4
 Verifying : git-1.7.1-8.el6.x86_64 1/4
 Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6.noarch 2/4
 Verifying : git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.x86_64 3/4
 Verifying : perl-Git-1.7.1-9.el6_9.noarch 4/4

Removed:
 git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-9.el6_9

Installed:
 git.x86_64 0:1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git.noarch 0:1.7.1-8.el6

Complete!

注意: 你也需要降級依賴包,否則它會刪掉當前版本的依賴包而不是對依賴包做降級,因為 downgrade 命令無法處理依賴關係。

至於 Fedora 用戶

命令是一樣的,只需要將包管理器名稱從 yum 改成 dnf 就行了。

# dnf list git
# dnf history
# dnf history info
# dnf history undo
# dnf list git
# dnf downgrade git-1.7.1-8.el6 perl-Git-1.7.1-8.el6

via: https://www.2daygeek.com/rollback-fallback-updates-downgrade-packages-centos-rhel-fedora/

作者:2daygeek 譯者:lujun9972 校對:wxy

本文由 LCTT 原創編譯,Linux中國 榮譽推出


本文轉載來自 Linux 中國: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive

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