Linux中國

如何在 Linux 上檢查一個軟體包的詳細信息

我們可以就這個已經被廣泛討論的話題寫出大量的文章,大多數情況下,因為各種各樣的原因,我們都願意讓 包管理器 package manager 來幫我們做這些事情。

每個 Linux 發行版都有自己的包管理器,並且每個都有各自有不同的特性,這些特性包括允許用戶執行安裝新軟體包,刪除無用的軟體包,更新現存的軟體包,搜索某些具體的軟體包,以及更新整個系統到其最新的狀態之類的操作。

習慣於命令行的用戶大多數時間都會使用基於命令行方式的包管理器。對於 Linux 而言,這些基於命令行的包管理器有 yumdnfrpmaptapt-getdpkgpacmanzypper

推薦閱讀

作為一個系統管理員你應該清楚地知道:安裝包來自何方,具體來自哪個軟體倉庫,包的具體版本,包的大小,版本,包的源代碼 URL,包的許可證信息,等等。

這篇短文將用儘可能簡單的方式幫你從隨包自帶的總結和描述中了解該包的用法。按你所使用的 Linux 發行版的不同,運行下面相應的命令,你能得到你所使用的發行版下的包的詳細信息。

YUM 命令:在 RHEL 和 CentOS 系統上獲得包的信息

YUM 英文直譯是「 黃狗更新器–修改版 Yellowdog Updater, Modified 」,它是一個開源的基於命令行的包管理器前端實用工具。它被廣泛應用在基於 RPM 的系統上,例如:RHEL 和 CentOS。

Yum 是用於在官方發行版倉庫以及其他第三方發行版倉庫下獲取、安裝、刪除、查詢 RPM 包的主要工具。

(LCTT 譯註:用 yum info 獲取 python 包的信息)

# yum info python
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * epel: epel.mirror.constant.com
Installed Packages
Name        : python
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 2.6.6
Release     : 66.el6_8
Size        : 78 k
Repo        : installed
From repo   : updates
Summary     : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
URL         : http://www.python.org/
License     : Python
Description : Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
            : language often compared to Tcl, Perl, Scheme or Java. Python includes
            : modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types and
            : dynamic typing. Python supports interfaces to many system calls and
            : libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif, Tk,
            : Mac and MFC).
            :
            : Programmers can write new built-in modules for Python in C or C++.
            : Python can be used as an extension language for applications that need
            : a programmable interface.
            :
            : Note that documentation for Python is provided in the python-docs
            : package.
            :
            : This package provides the "python" executable; most of the actual
            : implementation is within the "python-libs" package.

YUMDB 命令:查看 RHEL 和 CentOS 系統上的包信息

yumdb info 這個命令提供與 yum info 相類似的的信息,不過它還額外提供了諸如包校驗值、包類型、用戶信息(由何人安裝)。從 yum 3.2.26 版本後,yum 開始在 rpm 資料庫外儲存額外的信息了(此處如顯示 user 表明該包由用戶安裝,而 dep 說明該包是被作為被依賴的包而被安裝的)。

(LCTT 譯註:用 yumdb info 來獲取 python 包的信息)

# yumdb info python
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
python-2.6.6-66.el6_8.x86_64
     changed_by = 4294967295
     checksum_data = 53c75a1756e5b4f6564c5229a37948c9b4561e0bf58076bd7dab7aff85a417f2
     checksum_type = sha256
     command_line = update -y
     from_repo = updates
     from_repo_revision = 1488370672
     from_repo_timestamp = 1488371100
     installed_by = 4294967295
     reason = dep
     releasever = 6

RPM 命令:在 RHEL/CentOS/Fedora 系統上查看包的信息

RPM 英文直譯為「 紅帽包管理器 Red Hat Package Manager 」,這是一個在 RedHat 以及其變種發行版(如RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、openSUSE、Megeia)下的功能強大的命令行包管理工具。它能讓你輕鬆的安裝、升級、刪除、查詢以及校驗你的系統或伺服器上的軟體。RPM 文件以 .rpm 結尾。RPM 包由它所依賴的軟體庫以及其他依賴構成,它不會與系統上已經安裝的包衝突。

(LCTT 譯註:用 rpm -qi 查詢 nano 包的具體信息)

# rpm -qi nano
Name        : nano                         Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version     : 2.0.9                             Vendor: CentOS
Release     : 7.el6                         Build Date: Fri 12 Nov 2010 02:18:36 AM EST
Install Date: Fri 03 Mar 2017 08:57:47 AM EST      Build Host: c5b2.bsys.dev.centos.org
Group       : Applications/Editors          Source RPM: nano-2.0.9-7.el6.src.rpm
Size        : 1588347                          License: GPLv3+
Signature   : RSA/8, Sun 03 Jul 2011 12:46:50 AM EDT, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de
Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem 
URL         : http://www.nano-editor.org
Summary     : A small text editor
Description :
GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor.

DNF 命令:在 Fedora 系統上查看包信息

DNF 指「 時髦版的 Yum Dandified yum 」,我們也可以認為 DNF 是下一代的 yum 包管理器(Yum 的一個分支),它在後台使用了 hawkey/libsolv 庫。Aleš Kozumplík 在Fedora 18 上開始開發 DNF,在 Fedora 22 上正式最後發布。 dnf 命令用來在 Fedora 22 及以後的系統上安裝、更新、搜索以及刪除包。它能自動的解決包安裝過程中的包依賴問題。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 dnf info 查看 tilix 包信息)

$ dnf info tilix
Last metadata expiration check: 27 days, 10:00:23 ago on Wed 04 Oct 2017 06:43:27 AM IST.
Installed Packages
Name         : tilix
Version      : 1.6.4
Release      : 1.fc26
Arch         : x86_64
Size         : 3.6 M
Source       : tilix-1.6.4-1.fc26.src.rpm
Repo         : @System
From repo    : @commandline
Summary      : Tiling terminal emulator
URL          : https://github.com/gnunn1/tilix
License      : MPLv2.0 and GPLv3+ and CC-BY-SA
Description  : Tilix is a tiling terminal emulator with the following features:
             : 
             :  - Layout terminals in any fashion by splitting them horizontally or vertically
             :  - Terminals can be re-arranged using drag and drop both within and between
             :    windows
             :  - Terminals can be detached into a new window via drag and drop
             :  - Input can be synchronized between terminals so commands typed in one
             :    terminal are replicated to the others
             :  - The grouping of terminals can be saved and loaded from disk
             :  - Terminals support custom titles
             :  - Color schemes are stored in files and custom color schemes can be created by
             :    simply creating a new file
             :  - Transparent background
             :  - Supports notifications when processes are completed out of view
             : 
             : The application was written using GTK 3 and an effort was made to conform to
             : GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG).

Zypper 命令:在 openSUSE 系統上查看包信息

zypper 是一個使用 libzypp 庫的命令行包管理器。zypper 提供諸如軟體倉庫訪問,安裝依賴解決,軟體包安裝等等功能。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 zypper info 查詢 nano 包的信息)

$ zypper info nano

Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

Information for package nano:
--------------------------Repository     : Main Repository (OSS)              
Name           : nano                               
Version        : 2.4.2-5.3                          
Arch           : x86_64                             
Vendor         : openSUSE                           
Installed Size : 1017.8 KiB                         
Installed      : No                                 
Status         : not installed                      
Source package : nano-2.4.2-5.3.src                 
Summary        : Pico editor clone with enhancements
Description    :                                    
    GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor. It aims to emulate
    the Pico text editor while also offering a few enhancements.

Pacman 命令:在 ArchLinux 及 Manjaro 系統上查看包信息

Pacman 意即 包管理器 package manager 實用工具。pacman 是一個用於安裝、構建、刪除、管理 Arch Linux 上包的命令行工具。它後端使用 libalpm(Arch Linux package Manager(ALPM)庫)來完成所有功能。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 pacman -Qi 來查詢 bash 包信息)

$ pacman -Qi bash
Name            : bash
Version         : 4.4.012-2
Description     : The GNU Bourne Again shell
Architecture    : x86_64
URL             : http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/bash.html
Licenses        : GPL
Groups          : base
Provides        : sh
Depends On      : readline>=7.0  glibc  ncurses
Optional Deps   : bash-completion: for tab completion
Required By     : autoconf  automake  bison  bzip2  ca-certificates-utils  db
                  dhcpcd  diffutils  e2fsprogs  fakeroot  figlet  findutils
                  flex  freetype2  gawk  gdbm  gettext  gmp  grub  gzip  icu
                  iptables  keyutils  libgpg-error  libksba  libpcap  libpng
                  libtool  lvm2  m4  man-db  mkinitcpio  nano  neofetch  nspr
                  nss  openresolv  os-prober  pacman  pcre  pcre2  shadow
                  systemd  texinfo  vte-common  which  xdg-user-dirs  xdg-utils
                  xfsprogs  xorg-mkfontdir  xorg-xpr  xz
Optional For    : None
Conflicts With  : None
Replaces        : None
Installed Size  : 7.13 MiB
Packager        : Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) 
Build Date      : Tue 14 Feb 2017 01:16:51 PM UTC
Install Date    : Thu 24 Aug 2017 06:08:12 AM UTC
Install Reason  : Explicitly installed
Install Script  : No
Validated By    : Signature

apt-cache 命令:在 Debian/Ubuntu/Mint 系統上查看包信息

apt-cache 命令能顯示 apt 內部資料庫中的大量信息。這些信息是從 sources.list 中的不同的軟體源中搜集而來,因此從某種意義上這些信息也可以被認為是某種緩存。這些信息搜集工作是在運行 apt update 命令時執行的。

(LCTT 譯註:用管理員許可權查詢 apache2 包的信息)

$ sudo apt-cache show apache2
Package: apache2
Priority: optional
Section: web
Installed-Size: 473
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers 
Original-Maintainer: Debian Apache Maintainers 
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.4.12-2ubuntu2
Replaces: apache2.2-common
Provides: httpd, httpd-cgi
Depends: lsb-base, procps, perl, mime-support, apache2-bin (= 2.4.12-2ubuntu2), apache2-utils (>= 2.4), apache2-data (= 2.4.12-2ubuntu2)
Pre-Depends: dpkg (>= 1.17.14)
Recommends: ssl-cert
Suggests: www-browser, apache2-doc, apache2-suexec-pristine | apache2-suexec-custom, ufw
Conflicts: apache2.2-common (<< 2.3~)
Filename: pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.12-2ubuntu2_amd64.deb
Size: 91348
MD5sum: ab0ee0b0d1c6b3d19bd87aa2a9537125
SHA1: 350c9a1a954906088ed032aebb77de3d5bb24004
SHA256: 03f515f7ebc3b67b050b06e82ebca34b5e83e34a528868498fce020bf1dbbe34
Description-en: Apache HTTP Server
 The Apache HTTP Server Project&apos;s goal is to build a secure, efficient and
 extensible HTTP server as standards-compliant open source software. The
 result has long been the number one web server on the Internet.
 .
 Installing this package results in a full installation, including the
 configuration files, init scripts and support scripts.
Description-md5: d02426bc360345e5acd45367716dc35c
Homepage: http://httpd.apache.org/
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Origin: Ubuntu
Supported: 9m
Task: lamp-server, mythbuntu-frontend, mythbuntu-desktop, mythbuntu-backend-slave, mythbuntu-backend-master, mythbuntu-backend-master

APT 命令:查看 Debian/Ubuntu/Mint 系統上的包信息

APT 意為 高級打包工具 Advanced Packaging Tool ,就像 DNF 將如何替代 YUM 一樣,APT 是 apt-get 的替代物。它功能豐富的命令行工具包括了如下所有命令的功能如 apt-cacheapt-searchdpkgapt-cdromapt-configapt-key 等等,我們可以方便的通過 apt 來安裝 .dpkg 包,但是我們卻不能通過 apt-get 來完成這一點,還有一些其他的類似的功能也不能用 apt-get 來完成,所以 apt-get 因為沒有解決上述功能缺乏的原因而被 apt 所取代。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 apt show 查看 nano 包信息)

$ apt show nano
Package: nano
Version: 2.8.6-3
Priority: standard
Section: editors
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers 
Original-Maintainer: Jordi Mallach 
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 766 kB
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), libncursesw5 (>= 6), libtinfo5 (>= 6)
Suggests: spell
Conflicts: pico
Breaks: nano-tiny (<< 2.8.6-2)
Replaces: nano-tiny (<< 2.8.6-2), pico
Homepage: https://www.nano-editor.org/
Task: standard, ubuntu-touch-core, ubuntu-touch
Supported: 9m
Download-Size: 222 kB
APT-Manual-Installed: yes
APT-Sources: http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 Packages
Description: small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
 GNU nano is an easy-to-use text editor originally designed as a replacement
 for Pico, the ncurses-based editor from the non-free mailer package Pine
 (itself now available under the Apache License as Alpine).
 .
 However, GNU nano also implements many features missing in pico, including:
  - undo/redo
  - line numbering
  - syntax coloring
  - soft-wrapping of overlong lines
  - selecting text by holding Shift
  - interactive search and replace (with regular expression support)
  - a go-to line (and column) command
  - support for multiple file buffers
  - auto-indentation
  - tab completion of filenames and search terms
  - toggling features while running
  - and full internationalization support

dpkg 命令:查看Debian/Ubuntu/Mint系統上的包信息

dpkg 意指 Debian 包管理器 Debian package manager dpkg 是用於 Debian 系統上安裝、構建、移除以及管理 Debian 包的命令行工具。dpkg 使用 aptitude(因為它更為主流及用戶友好)作為前端工具來完成所有的功能。其他的工具如dpkg-debdpkg-query 使用 dpkg 做為前端來實現功能。儘管系統管理員還是時不時會在必要時使用 dpkg 來完成一些軟體安裝的任務,他大多數情況下還是會因為 aptapt-get 以及 aptitude 的健壯性而使用後者。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 dpkg -s 查看 python 包的信息)

$ dpkg -s python
Package: python
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: python
Installed-Size: 626
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers 
Architecture: amd64
Multi-Arch: allowed
Source: python-defaults
Version: 2.7.14-2ubuntu1
Replaces: python-dev (<< 2.6.5-2)
Provides: python-ctypes, python-email, python-importlib, python-profiler, python-wsgiref
Depends: python2.7 (>= 2.7.14-1~), libpython-stdlib (= 2.7.14-2ubuntu1)
Pre-Depends: python-minimal (= 2.7.14-2ubuntu1)
Suggests: python-doc (= 2.7.14-2ubuntu1), python-tk (>= 2.7.14-1~)
Breaks: update-manager-core (<< 0.200.5-2)
Conflicts: python-central (<< 0.5.5)
Description: interactive high-level object-oriented language (default version)
 Python, the high-level, interactive object oriented language,
 includes an extensive class library with lots of goodies for
 network programming, system administration, sounds and graphics.
 .
 This package is a dependency package, which depends on Debian&apos;s default
 Python version (currently v2.7).
Homepage: http://www.python.org/
Original-Maintainer: Matthias Klose 

我們也可使用 dpkg-p 選項,這個選項提供和 dpkg -s 相類似的信息,但是它還提供了包的校驗值和包類型。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 dpkg -p 查看 python3 包的信息)

$ dpkg -p python3
Package: python3
Priority: important
Section: python
Installed-Size: 67
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers 
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Architecture: amd64
Multi-Arch: allowed
Source: python3-defaults
Version: 3.6.3-0ubuntu2
Replaces: python3-minimal (<< 3.1.2-2)
Provides: python3-profiler
Depends: python3.6 (>= 3.6.3-1~), libpython3-stdlib (= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2), dh-python
Pre-Depends: python3-minimal (= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2)
Suggests: python3-doc (>= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2), python3-tk (>= 3.6.3-1~), python3-venv (>= 3.6.3-0ubuntu2)
Filename: pool/main/p/python3-defaults/python3_3.6.3-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb
Size: 8712
MD5sum: a8bae494c6e5d1896287675faf40d373
Description: interactive high-level object-oriented language (default python3 version)
Original-Maintainer: Matthias Klose 
SHA1: 2daec885cea7d4dc83c284301c3bebf42b23e095
SHA256: 865e509c91d2504a16c4b573dbe27e260c36fceec2add3fa43a30c1751d7e9bb
Homepage: http://www.python.org/
Task: minimal, ubuntu-core, ubuntu-core
Description-md5: 950ebd8122c0a7340f0a740c295b9eab
Supported: 9m

aptitude 命令:查看 Debian/Ubuntu/Mint 系統上的包信息

aptitude 是 Debian GNU/Linux 包管理系統的文本界面。它允許用戶查看已安裝的包的列表,以及完成諸如安裝、升級、刪除包之類的包管理任務。這些管理行為也能從圖形介面來執行。

(LCTT 譯註: 用 aptitude show 查看 htop 包信息)

$ aptitude show htop
Package: htop                     
Version: 2.0.2-1
State: installed
Automatically installed: no
Priority: optional
Section: universe/utils
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers 
Architecture: amd64
Uncompressed Size: 216 k
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.15), libncursesw5 (>= 6), libtinfo5 (>= 6)
Suggests: lsof, strace
Conflicts: htop:i386
Description: interactive processes viewer
 Htop is an ncursed-based process viewer similar to top, but it allows one to scroll the list vertically and horizontally to see all processes and their full command lines. 

 Tasks related to processes (killing, renicing) can be done without entering their PIDs.
Homepage: http://hisham.hm/htop/

via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-view-detailed-information-about-a-package-in-linux/

作者:Prakash Subramanian 選題:lujun9972 譯者:DavidChenLiang 校對:wxy

本文由 LCTT 原創編譯,Linux中國 榮譽推出


本文轉載來自 Linux 中國: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive

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