Linux中國

如何通過 SSH 在遠程 Linux 系統上運行命令

我們有時可能需要在遠程機器上運行一些命令。如果只是偶爾進行的操作,要實現這個目的,可以登錄到遠程系統上直接執行命令。但是每次都這麼做的話,就有點煩人了。既然如此,有沒有擺脫這種麻煩操作的更佳方案?

是的,你可以從你本地系統上執行這些操作,而不用登錄到遠程系統上。這有什麼好處嗎?毫無疑問。這會為你節省很多好時光。

這是怎麼實現的?SSH 允許你無需登錄到遠程計算機就可以在它上面運行命令。

通用語法如下所示:

$ ssh [用戶名]@[遠程主機名或 IP] [命令或腳本]

1) 如何通過 SSH 在遠程 Linux 系統上運行命令

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在遠程 Linux 機器上運行 df 命令

$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com df -h

 Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
 /dev/mapper/centos-root   27G  4.4G   23G  17% /
 devtmpfs                 903M     0  903M   0% /dev
 tmpfs                    920M     0  920M   0% /dev/shm
 tmpfs                    920M  9.3M  910M   2% /run
 tmpfs                    920M     0  920M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
 /dev/sda1               1014M  179M  836M  18% /boot
 tmpfs                    184M  8.0K  184M   1% /run/user/42
 tmpfs                    184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/1000

2) 如何通過 SSH 在遠程 Linux 系統上運行多條命令

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在遠程 Linux 機器上一次運行多條命令。

同時在遠程 Linux 系統上運行 uptime 命令和 free 命令。

$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "uptime && free -m"

 23:05:10 up 10 min,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.03

              total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
 Mem:          1878        432       1445          1        100        134
 -/+ buffers/cache:        197       1680
 Swap:         3071          0       3071

3) 如何通過 SSH 在遠程 Linux 系統上運行帶 sudo 許可權的命令

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在遠程 Linux 機器上運行帶有 sudo 許可權fdisk 命令。

普通用戶不允許執行系統二進位(/usr/sbin/)目錄下提供的命令。用戶需要 root 許可權來運行它。

所以你需要 root 許可權,好在 Linux 系統上運行 fdisk 命令which 命令返回給定命令的完整可執行路徑。

$ which fdisk
 /usr/sbin/fdisk
$ ssh -t daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "sudo fdisk -l"
 [sudo] password for daygeek:

 Disk /dev/sda: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
 Disk label type: dos
 Disk identifier: 0x000bf685

 Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
 /dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
 /dev/sda2         2099200    62914559    30407680   8e  Linux LVM

 Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

 Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 29.0 GB, 28982640640 bytes, 56606720 sectors
 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

 Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
 Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
 Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
 I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

 Connection to centos7.2daygeek.com closed.

4) 如何通過 SSH 在遠程 Linux 系統上運行帶 sudo 許可權的服務控制命令

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在遠程 Linux 機器上運行帶有 sudo 許可權的服務控制命令。

$ ssh -t daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "sudo systemctl restart httpd"

 [sudo] password for daygeek:
 Connection to centos7.2daygeek.com closed.

5) 如何通過非標準埠 SSH 在遠程 Linux 系統上運行命令

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在使用了非標準埠的遠程 Linux 機器上運行 hostnamectl 命令

$ ssh -p 2200 daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com hostnamectl

    Static hostname: Ubuntu18.2daygeek.com
          Icon name: computer-vm
            Chassis: vm
         Machine ID: 27f6c2febda84dc881f28fd145077187
            Boot ID: bbeccdf932be41ddb5deae9e5f15183d
     Virtualization: oracle
   Operating System: Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS
             Kernel: Linux 4.15.0-60-generic
       Architecture: x86-64

6) 如何將遠程系統的輸出保存到本地系統

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在遠程 Linux 機器上運行 top 命令,並將輸出保存到本地系統。

$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com "top -bc | head -n 35" > /tmp/top-output.txt
cat /tmp/top-output.txt

 top - 01:13:11 up 18 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.01, 0.05, 0.10
 Tasks: 168 total,   1 running, 167 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
 %Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  6.2 sy,  0.0 ni, 93.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
 KiB Mem :  1882300 total,  1176324 free,   342392 used,   363584 buff/cache
 KiB Swap:  2097148 total,  2097148 free,        0 used.  1348140 avail Mem
 PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
  4943 daygeek   20   0  162052   2248   1612 R 10.0  0.1   0:00.07 top -bc
     1 root      20   0  128276   6936   4204 S  0.0  0.4   0:03.08 /usr/lib/sy+
     2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kthreadd]
     3 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.25 [ksoftirqd/+
     4 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/0:+
     5 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kworker/0:+
     7 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [migration/+
     8 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [rcu_bh]
     9 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.77 [rcu_sched]
    10 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [lru-add-dr+
    11 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.01 [watchdog/0]
    13 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kdevtmpfs]
    14 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [netns]
    15 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [khungtaskd]
    16 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [writeback]
    17 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [kintegrity+
    18 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [bioset]
    19 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [bioset]
    20 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 [bioset]

或者你也可以使用以下格式在遠程系統上運行多條命令:

$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com << EOF
hostnamectl
free -m
grep daygeek /etc/passwd
EOF

上面命令的輸出如下:

Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.
    Static hostname: CentOS7.2daygeek.com
          Icon name: computer-vm
            Chassis: vm
         Machine ID: 002f47b82af248f5be1d67b67e03514c
            Boot ID: dca9a1ba06374d7d96678f9461752482
     Virtualization: kvm
   Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
        CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
             Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
       Architecture: x86-64

               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:           1838         335        1146          11         355        1314
 Swap:          2047           0        2047

 daygeek:x:1000:1000:2daygeek:/home/daygeek:/bin/bash

7) 如何在遠程系統上運行本地 Bash 腳本

下面的例子允許用戶通過 ssh 在遠程 Linux 機器上運行本地 bash 腳本 remote-test.sh

創建一個 shell 腳本並執行它。

$ vi /tmp/remote-test.sh

#!/bin/bash
#Name: remote-test.sh
#----------------- uptime
 free -m
 df -h
 uname -a
 hostnamectl

上面命令的輸出如下:

$ ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com &apos;bash -s&apos; < /tmp/remote-test.sh

  01:17:09 up 22 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.02, 0.08

               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:           1838         333        1148          11         355        1316
 Swap:          2047           0        2047

 Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
 /dev/mapper/centos-root   27G  4.4G   23G  17% /
 devtmpfs                 903M     0  903M   0% /dev
 tmpfs                    920M     0  920M   0% /dev/shm
 tmpfs                    920M  9.3M  910M   2% /run
 tmpfs                    920M     0  920M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
 /dev/sda1               1014M  179M  836M  18% /boot
 tmpfs                    184M   12K  184M   1% /run/user/42
 tmpfs                    184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/1000

 Linux CentOS7.2daygeek.com 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

    Static hostname: CentOS7.2daygeek.com
          Icon name: computer-vm
            Chassis: vm
         Machine ID: 002f47b82af248f5be1d67b67e03514c
            Boot ID: dca9a1ba06374d7d96678f9461752482
     Virtualization: kvm
   Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
        CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
             Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
       Architecture: x86-64

或者也可以使用管道。如果你覺得輸出不太好看,再做點修改讓它更優雅些。

$ vi /tmp/remote-test-1.sh

#!/bin/bash
#Name: remote-test.sh
 echo "---------System Uptime--------------------------------------------"
 uptime
 echo -e "n"
 echo "---------Memory Usage---------------------------------------------"
 free -m
 echo -e "n"
 echo "---------Disk Usage-----------------------------------------------"
 df -h
 echo -e "n"
 echo "---------Kernel Version-------------------------------------------"
 uname -a
 echo -e "n"
 echo "---------HostName Info--------------------------------------------"
 hostnamectl
 echo "------------------------------------------------------------------"

上面腳本的輸出如下:

$ cat /tmp/remote-test.sh  | ssh daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com
 Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.
 ---------System Uptime-----------------------------------------  03:14:09 up  2:19,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

 ---------Memory Usage------------------------------------------               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
 Mem:           1838         376        1063          11         398        1253
 Swap:          2047           0        2047

 ---------Disk Usage-------------------------------------------- Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
 /dev/mapper/centos-root   27G  4.4G   23G  17% /
 devtmpfs                 903M     0  903M   0% /dev
 tmpfs                    920M     0  920M   0% /dev/shm
 tmpfs                    920M  9.3M  910M   2% /run
 tmpfs                    920M     0  920M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
 /dev/sda1               1014M  179M  836M  18% /boot
 tmpfs                    184M   12K  184M   1% /run/user/42
 tmpfs                    184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/1000
 tmpfs                    184M     0  184M   0% /run/user/0

 ---------Kernel Version---------------------------------------- Linux CentOS7.2daygeek.com 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

 ---------HostName Info-----------------------------------------    Static hostname: CentOS7.2daygeek.com
          Icon name: computer-vm
            Chassis: vm
         Machine ID: 002f47b82af248f5be1d67b67e03514c
            Boot ID: dca9a1ba06374d7d96678f9461752482
     Virtualization: kvm
   Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
        CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
             Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
       Architecture: x86-64

8) 如何同時在多個遠程系統上運行多條指令

下面的 bash 腳本允許用戶同時在多個遠程系統上運行多條指令。使用簡單的 for 循環實現。

為了實現這個目的,你可以嘗試 PSSH 命令ClusterShell 命令DSH 命令

$ vi /tmp/multiple-host.sh

 for host in CentOS7.2daygeek.com CentOS6.2daygeek.com
 do
    ssh daygeek@${host} "uname -a;uptime;date;w"
 done

上面腳本的輸出如下:

$ sh multiple-host.sh

 Linux CentOS7.2daygeek.com 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

  01:33:57 up 39 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.07, 0.06, 0.06

 Wed Sep 25 01:33:57 CDT 2019

  01:33:57 up 39 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.07, 0.06, 0.06
 USER     TTY      FROM             daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
 daygeek  pts/0    192.168.1.6      01:08   23:25   0.06s  0.06s -bash

 Linux CentOS6.2daygeek.com 2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jun 19 21:26:04 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

  23:33:58 up 39 min,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00

 Tue Sep 24 23:33:58 MST 2019

  23:33:58 up 39 min,  0 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
 USER     TTY      FROM             daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT

9) 如何使用 sshpass 命令添加一個密碼

如果你覺得每次輸入密碼很麻煩,我建議你視你的需求選擇以下方法中的一項來解決這個問題。

如果你經常進行類似的操作,我建議你設置 免密碼認證,因為它是標準且永久的解決方案。

如果你一個月只是執行幾次這些任務,我推薦你使用 sshpass 工具。只需要使用 -p 參數選項提供你的密碼即可。

$ sshpass -p &apos;在這裡輸入你的密碼&apos; ssh -p 2200 daygeek@CentOS7.2daygeek.com ip a

 1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
     link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
     inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
     inet6 ::1/128 scope host
        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
 2: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
     link/ether 08:00:27:18:90:7f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
     inet 192.168.1.12/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic eth0
        valid_lft 86145sec preferred_lft 86145sec
     inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe18:907f/64 scope link tentative dadfailed
        valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

via: https://www.2daygeek.com/execute-run-linux-commands-remote-system-over-ssh/

作者:Magesh Maruthamuthu 選題:lujun9972 譯者:alim0x 校對:wxy

本文由 LCTT 原創編譯,Linux中國 榮譽推出


本文轉載來自 Linux 中國: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive

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