建立你自己的 CA 服務:OpenSSL 命令行 CA 操作快速指南
根 CA
創建根 CA 授權目錄並切換到該目錄:
mkdir ~/SSLCA/root/
cd ~/SSLCA/root/
為我們的根 CA 生成一個8192位長的 SHA-256 RSA 密鑰:
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out rootca.key 8192
樣例輸出:
Generating RSA private key, 8192 bit long modulus
.........++
....................................................................................................................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
如果你想要用密碼保護該密鑰,請添加 -aes256
選項。
創建自簽名根 CA 證書 ca.crt
;你需要為你的根 CA 提供一個身份:
openssl req -sha256 -new -x509 -days 1826 -key rootca.key -out rootca.crt
樣例輸出:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
--Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Zuid Holland
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Rotterdam
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Sparkling Network
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Sparkling CA
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Sparkling Root CA
Email Address []:
創建一個存儲 CA 序列的文件:
touch certindex
echo 1000 > certserial
echo 1000 > crlnumber
放置 CA 配置文件,該文件持有 CRL 和 OCSP 末端的存根。
# vim ca.conf
[ ca ]
default_ca = myca
[ crl_ext ]
issuerAltName=issuer:copy
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
[ myca ]
dir = ./
new_certs_dir = $dir
unique_subject = no
certificate = $dir/rootca.crt
database = $dir/certindex
private_key = $dir/rootca.key
serial = $dir/certserial
default_days = 730
default_md = sha1
policy = myca_policy
x509_extensions = myca_extensions
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
default_crl_days = 730
[ myca_policy ]
commonName = supplied
stateOrProvinceName = supplied
countryName = optional
emailAddress = optional
organizationName = supplied
organizationalUnitName = optional
[ myca_extensions ]
basicConstraints = critical,CA:TRUE
keyUsage = critical,any
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
keyUsage = digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,cRLSign,keyCertSign
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
crlDistributionPoints = @crl_section
subjectAltName = @alt_names
authorityInfoAccess = @ocsp_section
[ v3_ca ]
basicConstraints = critical,CA:TRUE,pathlen:0
keyUsage = critical,any
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
keyUsage = digitalSignature,keyEncipherment,cRLSign,keyCertSign
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
crlDistributionPoints = @crl_section
subjectAltName = @alt_names
authorityInfoAccess = @ocsp_section
[alt_names]
DNS.0 = Sparkling Intermidiate CA 1
DNS.1 = Sparkling CA Intermidiate 1
[crl_section]
URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingRoot.crl
URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingRoot.crl
[ocsp_section]
caIssuers;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingRoot.crt
caIssuers;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingRoot.crt
OCSP;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/ocsp/
OCSP;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/ocsp/
如果你需要設置某個特定的證書生效/過期日期,請添加以下內容到[myca]
:
# format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
default_enddate = 20191222035911
default_startdate = 20181222035911
創建中間 CA
生成中間 CA (名為 intermediate1)的私鑰:
openssl genrsa -out intermediate1.key 4096
生成中間 CA 的 CSR:
openssl req -new -sha256 -key intermediate1.key -out intermediate1.csr
樣例輸出:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
--Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Zuid Holland
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Rotterdam
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Sparkling Network
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Sparkling CA
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Sparkling Intermediate CA
Email Address []:
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
確保中間 CA 的主體(CN)和根 CA 不同。
用根 CA 簽署中間 CA 的 CSR:
openssl ca -batch -config ca.conf -notext -in intermediate1.csr -out intermediate1.crt
樣例輸出:
Using configuration from ca.conf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName :PRINTABLE:'NL'
stateOrProvinceName :ASN.1 12:'Zuid Holland'
localityName :ASN.1 12:'Rotterdam'
organizationName :ASN.1 12:'Sparkling Network'
organizationalUnitName:ASN.1 12:'Sparkling CA'
commonName :ASN.1 12:'Sparkling Intermediate CA'
Certificate is to be certified until Mar 30 15:07:43 2017 GMT (730 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
生成 CRL(同時採用 PEM 和 DER 格式):
openssl ca -config ca.conf -gencrl -keyfile rootca.key -cert rootca.crt -out rootca.crl.pem
openssl crl -inform PEM -in rootca.crl.pem -outform DER -out rootca.crl
每次使用該 CA 簽署證書後,請生成 CRL。
如果你需要撤銷該中間證書:
openssl ca -config ca.conf -revoke intermediate1.crt -keyfile rootca.key -cert rootca.crt
配置中間 CA
為該中間 CA 創建一個新文件夾,然後進入該文件夾:
mkdir ~/SSLCA/intermediate1/
cd ~/SSLCA/intermediate1/
從根 CA 拷貝中間證書和密鑰:
cp ~/SSLCA/root/intermediate1.key ./
cp ~/SSLCA/root/intermediate1.crt ./
創建索引文件:
touch certindex
echo 1000 > certserial
echo 1000 > crlnumber
創建一個新的 ca.conf
文件:
# vim ca.conf
[ ca ]
default_ca = myca
[ crl_ext ]
issuerAltName=issuer:copy
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
[ myca ]
dir = ./
new_certs_dir = $dir
unique_subject = no
certificate = $dir/intermediate1.crt
database = $dir/certindex
private_key = $dir/intermediate1.key
serial = $dir/certserial
default_days = 365
default_md = sha1
policy = myca_policy
x509_extensions = myca_extensions
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
default_crl_days = 365
[ myca_policy ]
commonName = supplied
stateOrProvinceName = supplied
countryName = optional
emailAddress = optional
organizationName = supplied
organizationalUnitName = optional
[ myca_extensions ]
basicConstraints = critical,CA:FALSE
keyUsage = critical,any
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
keyUsage = digitalSignature,keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
crlDistributionPoints = @crl_section
subjectAltName = @alt_names
authorityInfoAccess = @ocsp_section
[alt_names]
DNS.0 = example.com
DNS.1 = example.org
[crl_section]
URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingIntermidiate1.crl
URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingIntermidiate1.crl
[ocsp_section]
caIssuers;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/SparklingIntermediate1.crt
caIssuers;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/SparklingIntermediate1.crt
OCSP;URI.0 = http://pki.sparklingca.com/ocsp/
OCSP;URI.1 = http://pki.backup.com/ocsp/
修改 [alt_names]
部分,添加你需要的主體備選名。如果你不需要主體備選名,請移除該部分包括subjectAltName = @alt_names
的行。
如果你需要設置一個指定的生效/到期日期,請添加以下內容到 [myca]
:
# format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
default_enddate = 20191222035911
default_startdate = 20181222035911
生成一個空白 CRL(同時以 PEM 和 DER 格式):
openssl ca -config ca.conf -gencrl -keyfile rootca.key -cert rootca.crt -out rootca.crl.pem
openssl crl -inform PEM -in rootca.crl.pem -outform DER -out rootca.crl
生成末端用戶證書
我們使用這個新的中間 CA 來生成一個末端用戶證書,請重複以下操作來使用該 CA 為每個用戶簽署。
mkdir enduser-certs
生成末端用戶的私鑰:
openssl genrsa -out enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.key 4096
生成末端用戶的 CSR:
openssl req -new -sha256 -key enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.key -out enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.csr
樣例輸出:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
--Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:NL
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Noord Holland
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Amsterdam
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Example Inc
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:IT Dept
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:example.com
Email Address []:
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
使用中間 CA 簽署末端用戶的 CSR:
openssl ca -batch -config ca.conf -notext -in enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.csr -out enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt
樣例輸出:
Using configuration from ca.conf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName :PRINTABLE:'NL'
stateOrProvinceName :ASN.1 12:'Noord Holland'
localityName :ASN.1 12:'Amsterdam'
organizationName :ASN.1 12:'Example Inc'
organizationalUnitName:ASN.1 12:'IT Dept'
commonName :ASN.1 12:'example.com'
Certificate is to be certified until Mar 30 15:18:26 2016 GMT (365 days)
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
生成 CRL(同時以 PEM 和 DER 格式):
openssl ca -config ca.conf -gencrl -keyfile intermediate1.key -cert intermediate1.crt -out intermediate1.crl.pem
openssl crl -inform PEM -in intermediate1.crl.pem -outform DER -out intermediate1.crl
每次你使用該 CA 簽署證書後,都需要生成 CRL。
如果你需要撤銷該末端用戶證書:
openssl ca -config ca.conf -revoke enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt -keyfile intermediate1.key -cert intermediate1.crt
樣例輸出:
Using configuration from ca.conf
Revoking Certificate 1000.
Data Base Updated
通過連接根證書和中間證書來創建證書鏈文件。
cat ../root/rootca.crt intermediate1.crt > enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.chain
發送以下文件給末端用戶:
enduser-example.com.crt
enduser-example.com.key
enduser-example.com.chain
你也可以讓末端用戶提供他們自己的 CSR,而只發送給他們這個 .crt 文件。不要把它從伺服器刪除,否則你就不能撤銷了。
校驗證書
你可以對證書鏈使用以下命令來驗證末端用戶證書:
openssl verify -CAfile enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.chain enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt
enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt: OK
你也可以針對 CRL 來驗證。首先,將 PEM 格式的 CRL 和證書鏈相連接:
cat ../root/rootca.crt intermediate1.crt intermediate1.crl.pem > enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crl.chain
驗證證書:
openssl verify -crl_check -CAfile enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crl.chain enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt
沒有撤銷時的輸出:
enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt: OK
撤銷後的輸出如下:
enduser-certs/enduser-example.com.crt: CN = example.com, ST = Noord Holland, C = NL, O = Example Inc, OU = IT Dept
error 23 at 0 depth lookup:certificate revoked
作者:Remy van Elst 譯者:GOLinux 校對:wxy
本文轉載來自 Linux 中國: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive