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用于 ‘Suse‘ Linux 包管理的 Zypper 命令大全

Zypper 和 Yast 是 SUSE Linux 平台上的软件包管理工具,他们的底层使用了 RPM(LCTT 译者注:RPM 最初指 Redhat Pacakge Manager ,现普遍解释为递归短语 RPM Package Manager 的缩写)。

Yast(Yet another Setup Tool )是 OpenSUSE 以及企业版 SUSE 上用于系统管理、设置和配置的工具。

Zypper 是软件包管理器ZYpp的命令行接口,可用于安装、删除SUSE Linux上的软件以及进行系统更新。ZYpp为Zypper和Yast提供底层支持。

本文将介绍实际应用中常见的一些Zypper命令。这些命令用来进行安装、更新、删除等任何软件包管理器所能够胜任的工作。

重要 : 切记所有的这些命令都将在系统全局范围内产生影响,所以必须以 root 身份执行,否则命令将失败。

获取基本的 Zypper 帮助信息

  1. 不带任何选项的执行 zypper, 将输出该命令的全局选项以及子命令列表(LCTT 译者注:全局选项,global option,控制台命令的输入分为可选参数和位置参数两大类。按照习惯,一般可选参数称为选项'option',而位置参数称为参数 'argument')。
#  zypper
    Usage:
    zypper [--global-options]
  1. 获取一个具体的子命令的帮助信息,比如 'in' (install),可以执行下面的命令
# zypper help in

或者

# zypper help install
install (in) [options] {capability | rpm_file_uri}

Install packages with specified capabilities or RPM files with specified
location. A capability is NAME[.ARCH][OP], where OP is one
of <, <=, =, >=, >.

  Command options:
--from <alias|#|URI>    Select packages from the specified repository.
-r, --repo <alias|#|URI>    Load only the specified repository.
-t, --type            Type of package (package, patch, pattern, product, srcpackage).
                            Default: package.
-n, --name                  Select packages by plain name, not by capability.
-C, --capability            Select packages by capability.
-f, --force                 Install even if the item is already installed (reinstall),
                            downgraded or changes vendor or architecture.
    --oldpackage            Allow to replace a newer item with an older one.
                            Handy if you are doing a rollback. Unlike --force
                            it will not enforce a reinstall.
    --replacefiles          Install the packages even if they replace files from other,
                            already installed, packages. Default is to treat file conflicts
                            as an error. --download-as-needed disables the fileconflict check.
...... 
  1. 安装之前搜索一个安转包(以 gnome-desktop 为例 )
# zypper se gnome-desktop

Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Debug&apos; metadata ............................................................[done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Debug&apos; cache .................................................................[done]
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; metadata ......................................................... [done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; cache ...............................................................[done]
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Oss&apos; metadata ..............................................................[done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Oss&apos; cache ...................................................................[done]
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Update&apos; metadata ...........................................................[done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Update&apos; cache ................................................................[done]
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss&apos; metadata ...................................................[done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss&apos; cache ........................................................[done]
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name                                  | Summary                                                   | Type
--+---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------  | gnome-desktop2-lang                   | Languages for package gnome-desktop2                      | package
  | gnome-desktop2                        | The GNOME Desktop API Library                             | package
  | libgnome-desktop-2-17                 | The GNOME Desktop API Library                             | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3-10                 | The GNOME Desktop API Library                             | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3-devel              | The GNOME Desktop API Library -- Development Files        | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3_0-common           | The GNOME Desktop API Library -- Common data files        | package
  | gnome-desktop-debugsource             | Debug sources for package gnome-desktop                   | package
  | gnome-desktop-sharp2-debugsource      | Debug sources for package gnome-desktop-sharp2            | package
  | gnome-desktop2-debugsource            | Debug sources for package gnome-desktop2                  | package
  | libgnome-desktop-2-17-debuginfo       | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-2-17       | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3-10-debuginfo       | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-3-10       | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3_0-common-debuginfo | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-3_0-common | package
  | libgnome-desktop-2-17-debuginfo-32bit | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-2-17       | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3-10-debuginfo-32bit | Debug information for package libgnome-desktop-3-10       | package
  | gnome-desktop-sharp2                  | Mono bindings for libgnome-desktop                        | package
  | libgnome-desktop-2-devel              | The GNOME Desktop API Library -- Development Files        | packag
  | gnome-desktop-lang                    | Languages for package gnome-desktop                       | package
  | libgnome-desktop-2-17-32bit           | The GNOME Desktop API Library                             | package
  | libgnome-desktop-3-10-32bit           | The GNOME Desktop API Library                             | package
  | gnome-desktop                         | The GNOME Desktop API Library                             | srcpackage
  1. 获取一个模式包的信息(以 lamp_server 为例)。
# zypper info -t pattern lamp_server

Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

Information for pattern lamp_server:
---------------------------------Repository: openSUSE-13.2-Update
Name: lamp_server
Version: 20141007-5.1
Arch: x86_64
Vendor: openSUSE
Installed: No
Visible to User: Yes
Summary: Web and LAMP Server
Description: 
  Software to set up a Web server that is able to serve static, dynamic, and interactive content (like a Web shop). This includes Apache HTTP Server, the database management system MySQL,
  and scripting languages such as PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails, or Perl.
Contents:

S | Name                          | Type    | Dependency
--+-------------------------------+---------+--------  | apache2-mod_php5              | package |
  | php5-iconv                    | package |
i | patterns-openSUSE-base        | package |
i | apache2-prefork               | package |
  | php5-dom                      | package |
  | php5-mysql                    | package |
i | apache2                       | package |
  | apache2-example-pages         | package |
  | mariadb                       | package |
  | apache2-mod_perl              | package |
  | php5-ctype                    | package |
  | apache2-doc                   | package |
  | yast2-http-server             | package |
  | patterns-openSUSE-lamp_server | package |
  1. 开启一个Zypper Shell 的会话。
# zypper shell 

或者

# zypper sh 
zypper> help
  Usage:
    zypper [--global-options]

注意:在 Zypper shell里面可以通过键入 ‘help‘ 获得全局选项以及子命令的列表。

Zypper 软件库管理

列举已定义的软件库

  1. 使用 'zypper repos' 或者 'zypper lr' 来列举所有已定以的软件库。
# zypper repos

或者

# zypper lr
  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | Refresh
--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----1 | openSUSE-13.2-0           | openSUSE-13.2-0                    | Yes     | No
2 | repo-debug                | openSUSE-13.2-Debug                | Yes     | Yes
3 | repo-debug-update         | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug         | No      | Yes
4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No      | Yes
5 | repo-non-oss              | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss              | Yes     | Yes
6 | repo-oss                  | openSUSE-13.2-Oss                  | Yes     | Yes
7 | repo-source               | openSUSE-13.2-Source               | No      | Yes
8 | repo-update               | openSUSE-13.2-Update               | Yes     | Yes
9 | repo-update-non-oss       | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss       | Yes     | Yes
  1. 在表格里面显示 zypper URI
# zypper lr -u
  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | Refresh | URI
--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+---------+-------------------------------------------------------------1 | openSUSE-13.2-0           | openSUSE-13.2-0                    | Yes     | No      | cd:///?devices=/dev/disk/by-id/ata-VBOX_CD-ROM_VB2-01700376
2 | repo-debug                | openSUSE-13.2-Debug                | Yes     | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/debug/distribution/13.2/repo/oss/
3 | repo-debug-update         | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug         | No      | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/debug/update/13.2/
4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No      | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/debug/update/13.2-non-oss/
5 | repo-non-oss              | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss              | Yes     | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/13.2/repo/non-oss/
6 | repo-oss                  | openSUSE-13.2-Oss                  | Yes     | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/distribution/13.2/repo/oss/
7 | repo-source               | openSUSE-13.2-Source               | No      | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/source/distribution/13.2/repo/oss/
8 | repo-update               | openSUSE-13.2-Update               | Yes     | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/update/13.2/
9 | repo-update-non-oss       | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss       | Yes     | Yes     | http://download.opensuse.org/update/13.2-non-oss/
  1. 根据优先级列举软件库。
# zypper lr -P
  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | Refresh | Priority
--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+---------+------1 | openSUSE-13.2-0           | openSUSE-13.2-0                    | Yes     | No      |   99
2 | repo-debug                | openSUSE-13.2-Debug                | Yes     | Yes     |   99
3 | repo-debug-update         | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug         | No      | Yes     |   99
4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No      | Yes     |   99
5 | repo-non-oss              | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss              | Yes     | Yes     |   85
6 | repo-oss                  | openSUSE-13.2-Oss                  | Yes     | Yes     |   99
7 | repo-source               | openSUSE-13.2-Source               | No      | Yes     |   99
8 | repo-update               | openSUSE-13.2-Update               | Yes     | Yes     |   99
9 | repo-update-non-oss       | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss       | Yes     | Yes     |   99

刷新软件库

  1. 使用 'zypper refresh' or 'zypper ref' 来刷新 zypper 软件库。
# zypper refresh 

或者

# zypper ref
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-0&apos; is up to date.
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Debug&apos; is up to date.
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; is up to date.
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Oss&apos; is up to date.
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Update&apos; is up to date.
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss&apos; is up to date.
All repositories have been refreshed. 
  1. 刷新一个指定的软件库(以 'repo-non-oss' 为例 )。
# zypper refresh repo-non-oss
Repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; is up to date.
Specified repositories have been refreshed. 
  1. 强制更新一个软件库(以 'repo-non-oss' 为例 )。
# zypper ref -f repo-non-oss 
Forcing raw metadata refresh
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; metadata ............................................................[done]
Forcing building of repository cache
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; cache ............................................................[done]
Specified repositories have been refreshed.

修改软件库

本文中我们使用‘zypper modifyrepo‘ 或者 ‘zypper mr‘ 来关闭或者开启 zypper 软件库。

  1. 在关闭一个软件库之前,我们需要知道在 zypper 中,每一个软件库有一个唯一的标示数字与之关联,该数字用于打开或者关闭与之相联系的软件库。假设我们需要关闭 'repo-oss' 软件库,那么我们可以通过以下的法来获得该软件库的标志数字。
# zypper lr
  | Alias                     | Name                               | Enabled | Refresh
--+---------------------------+------------------------------------+---------+-----1 | openSUSE-13.2-0           | openSUSE-13.2-0                    | Yes     | No
2 | repo-debug                | openSUSE-13.2-Debug                | Yes     | Yes
3 | repo-debug-update         | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug         | No      | Yes
4 | repo-debug-update-non-oss | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Debug-Non-Oss | No      | Yes
5 | repo-non-oss              | openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss              | Yes     | Yes
6 | repo-oss                  | openSUSE-13.2-Oss                  | No      | Yes
7 | repo-source               | openSUSE-13.2-Source               | No      | Yes
8 | repo-update               | openSUSE-13.2-Update               | Yes     | Yes
9 | repo-update-non-oss       | openSUSE-13.2-Update-Non-Oss       | Yes     | Yes

从以上输出的列表中我们可以看到 'repo-oss' 库的标示数字是 6,因此通过以下的命令来关闭该库。

# zypper mr -d 6
Repository &apos;repo-oss&apos; has been successfully disabled.
  1. 如果需要再次开启软件库 ‘repo-oss‘, 接上例,与之相关联的标示数字为 6。
# zypper mr -e 6
Repository &apos;repo-oss&apos; has been successfully enabled.
  1. 针对某一个软件库(以 'repo-non-oss' 为例 )开启自动刷新( auto-refresh )和 rpm 缓存,并设置该软件库的优先级,比如85。
# zypper mr -rk -p 85 repo-non-oss
Repository &apos;repo-non-oss&apos; priority has been left unchanged (85)
Nothing to change for repository &apos;repo-non-oss&apos;.
  1. 对所有的软件库关闭 rpm 文件缓存。
# zypper mr -Ka
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-0&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-debug&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-source&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-update-non-oss&apos;.
  1. 对所有的软件库开启 rpm 文件缓存。
# zypper mr -ka
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-0&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-debug&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-source&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-update-non-oss&apos;.
  1. 关闭远程库的 rpm 文件缓存
# zypper mr -Kt
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-debug&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-source&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been disabled for repository &apos;repo-update-non-oss&apos;.
  1. 开启远程软件库的 rpm 文件缓存。
# zypper mr -kt
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-debug&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-debug-update-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-non-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-oss&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-source&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-update&apos;.
RPM files caching has been enabled for repository &apos;repo-update-non-oss&apos;.

增加新的软件库

可以通过这两个 zypper 指令 – 'zypper addrepo' 和 'zypper ar' 来增加新的软件库。在此过程中可以使用 URL 或者软件库的别名。

  1. 增加一个新的软件库( 以 “http://download.opensuse.org/update/12.3/” 为例 )。
# zypper ar http://download.opensuse.org/update/11.1/ update
Adding repository &apos;update&apos; .............................................................................................................................................................[done]
Repository &apos;update&apos; successfully added
Enabled     : Yes
Autorefresh : No
GPG check   : Yes
URI         : http://download.opensuse.org/update/11.1/
  1. 更改一个软件库的名字,这将仅仅改变软件库的别名。 命令 'zypper namerepo' 或者 'zypperr nr' 可以胜任此工作。例如更改标示数字为10的软件库的名字为 'upd8',或者说将标示数字为10的软件库的别名改为 'upd8',可以使用下面的命令。
# zypper nr 10 upd8
Repository &apos;update&apos; renamed to &apos;upd8&apos;.

删除软件库

  1. 删除一个软件库。要从系统删除一个软件库可以使 'zypper removerepo' 或者 'zypper rr'。例如以下的命令可以删除软件库 'upd8'
# zypper rr upd8
# Removing repository &apos;upd8&apos; .........................................................................................[done]
Repository &apos;upd8&apos; has been removed.

使用 zypper 进行软件包管理

用 zypper 安装一个软件包

  1. 在 zypper 中,我们可以通过软件包的功能名称来安装一个软件包。以 Firefox 为例,以下的命令可以用来安装该软件包。
# zypper in MozillaFirefox
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 128 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  adwaita-icon-theme at-spi2-atk-common at-spi2-atk-gtk2 at-spi2-core cantarell-fonts cups-libs desktop-file-utils fontconfig gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders gstreamer gstreamer-fluendo-mp3
  gstreamer-plugins-base gtk2-branding-openSUSE gtk2-data gtk2-immodule-amharic gtk2-immodule-inuktitut gtk2-immodule-thai gtk2-immodule-vietnamese gtk2-metatheme-adwaita
  gtk2-theming-engine-adwaita gtk2-tools gtk3-data gtk3-metatheme-adwaita gtk3-tools hicolor-icon-theme hicolor-icon-theme-branding-openSUSE libasound2 libatk-1_0-0 libatk-bridge-2_0-0
  libatspi0 libcairo2 libcairo-gobject2 libcanberra0 libcanberra-gtk0 libcanberra-gtk2-module libcanberra-gtk3-0 libcanberra-gtk3-module libcanberra-gtk-module-common libcdda_interface0
  libcdda_paranoia0 libcolord2 libdrm2 libdrm_intel1 libdrm_nouveau2 libdrm_radeon1 libFLAC8 libfreebl3 libgbm1 libgdk_pixbuf-2_0-0 libgraphite2-3 libgstapp-1_0-0 libgstaudio-1_0-0
  libgstpbutils-1_0-0 libgstreamer-1_0-0 libgstriff-1_0-0 libgsttag-1_0-0 libgstvideo-1_0-0 libgthread-2_0-0 libgtk-2_0-0 libgtk-3-0 libharfbuzz0 libjasper1 libjbig2 libjpeg8 libjson-c2
  liblcms2-2 libLLVM libltdl7 libnsssharedhelper0 libogg0 liborc-0_4-0 libpackagekit-glib2-18 libpango-1_0-0 libpciaccess0 libpixman-1-0 libpulse0 libsndfile1 libsoftokn3 libspeex1
  libsqlite3-0 libstartup-notification-1-0 libtheoradec1 libtheoraenc1 libtiff5 libvisual libvorbis0 libvorbisenc2 libvorbisfile3 libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-server0
  libX11-xcb1 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-render0 libxcb-shm0 libxcb-sync1 libxcb-util1 libxcb-xfixes0 libXcomposite1 libXcursor1 libXdamage1 libXevie1
  libXfixes3 libXft2 libXi6 libXinerama1 libxkbcommon-0_4_3 libXrandr2 libXrender1 libxshmfence1 libXtst6 libXv1 libXxf86vm1 Mesa Mesa-libEGL1 Mesa-libGL1 Mesa-libglapi0
  metatheme-adwaita-common MozillaFirefox MozillaFirefox-branding-openSUSE mozilla-nss mozilla-nss-certs PackageKit-gstreamer-plugin pango-tools sound-theme-freedesktop

The following 10 recommended packages were automatically selected:
  gstreamer-fluendo-mp3 gtk2-branding-openSUSE gtk2-data gtk2-immodule-amharic gtk2-immodule-inuktitut gtk2-immodule-thai gtk2-immodule-vietnamese libcanberra0 libpulse0
  PackageKit-gstreamer-plugin

128 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 77.2 MiB. Already cached: 0 B  After the operation, additional 200.0 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
Retrieving package cantarell-fonts-0.0.16-1.1.noarch                                                                                                   (1/128),  74.1 KiB (115.6 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: cantarell-fonts-0.0.16-1.1.noarch.rpm .........................................................................................................................[done (63.4 KiB/s)]
Retrieving package hicolor-icon-theme-0.13-2.1.2.noarch                                                                                                (2/128),  40.1 KiB ( 50.5 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: hicolor-icon-theme-0.13-2.1.2.noarch.rpm ...................................................................................................................................[done]
Retrieving package sound-theme-freedesktop-0.8-7.1.2.noarch                                                                                            (3/128), 372.6 KiB (460.3 KiB unpacked) 
  1. 安装指定版本号的软件包,(以 gcc 5.1 为例)。
# zypper in &apos;gcc<5.1&apos;
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 13 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10 libitm1-gcc49 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libtsan0-gcc49

13 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 14.5 MiB. Already cached: 0 B  After the operation, additional 49.4 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y 
  1. 为特定的CPU架构安装软件包(以兼容 i586 的 gcc 为例)。
# zypper in gcc.i586
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 13 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10 libitm1-gcc49 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libtsan0-gcc49

13 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 14.5 MiB. Already cached: 0 B  After the operation, additional 49.4 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
Retrieving package libasan0-4.8.3+r212056-2.2.4.x86_64                                                                                                  (1/13),  74.2 KiB (166.9 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: libasan0-4.8.3+r212056-2.2.4.x86_64.rpm .......................................................................................................................[done (79.2 KiB/s)]
Retrieving package libatomic1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64                                                                                          (2/13),  14.3 KiB ( 26.1 KiB unpacked)
Retrieving: libatomic1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64.rpm ...............................................................................................................[done (55.3 KiB/s)] 
  1. 为特定的CPU架构安装指定版本号的软件包(以兼容 i586 且版本低于5.1的 gcc 为例)
# zypper in &apos;gcc.i586<5.1&apos;
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 13 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10 libitm1-gcc49 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libtsan0-gcc49

13 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 14.4 MiB. Already cached: 129.5 KiB  After the operation, additional 49.4 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
In cache libasan0-4.8.3+r212056-2.2.4.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                        (1/13),  74.2 KiB (166.9 KiB unpacked)
In cache libatomic1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64.rpm                                           (2/13),  14.3 KiB ( 26.1 KiB unpacked)
In cache libgomp1-gcc49-4.9.0+r211729-2.1.7.x86_64.rpm                                             (3/13),  41.1 KiB ( 90.7 KiB unpacked) 
  1. 从指定的软件库里面安装一个软件包,例如从 amarok 中安装 libxine。
# zypper in amarok upd:libxine1
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...
The following 202 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  amarok bundle-lang-kde-en clamz cups-libs enscript fontconfig gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders ghostscript-fonts-std gptfdisk gstreamer gstreamer-plugins-base hicolor-icon-theme
  hicolor-icon-theme-branding-openSUSE htdig hunspell hunspell-tools icoutils ispell ispell-american kde4-filesystem kdebase4-runtime kdebase4-runtime-branding-openSUSE kdelibs4
  kdelibs4-branding-openSUSE kdelibs4-core kdialog libakonadi4 l
.....
  1. 通过指定软件包的名字安装软件包。
# zypper in -n git
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 35 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  cvs cvsps fontconfig git git-core git-cvs git-email git-gui gitk git-svn git-web libserf-1-1 libsqlite3-0 libXft2 libXrender1 libXss1 perl-Authen-SASL perl-Clone perl-DBD-SQLite perl-DBI
  perl-Error perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-MLDBM perl-Net-Daemon perl-Net-SMTP-SSL perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Params-Util perl-PlRPC perl-SQL-Statement perl-Term-ReadKey subversion subversion-perl tcl
  tk xhost

The following 13 recommended packages were automatically selected:
  git-cvs git-email git-gui gitk git-svn git-web perl-Authen-SASL perl-Clone perl-MLDBM perl-Net-Daemon perl-Net-SMTP-SSL perl-PlRPC perl-SQL-Statement

The following package is suggested, but will not be installed:
  git-daemon

35 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 15.6 MiB. Already cached: 0 B  After the operation, additional 56.7 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y 
  1. 通过通配符来安装软件包,例如,安装所有 php5 的软件包。
# zypper in php5*
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

Problem: php5-5.6.1-18.1.x86_64 requires smtp_daemon, but this requirement cannot be provided
  uninstallable providers: exim-4.83-3.1.8.x86_64[openSUSE-13.2-0]
                   postfix-2.11.0-5.2.2.x86_64[openSUSE-13.2-0]
                   sendmail-8.14.9-2.2.2.x86_64[openSUSE-13.2-0]
                   exim-4.83-3.1.8.i586[repo-oss]
                   msmtp-mta-1.4.32-2.1.3.i586[repo-oss]
                   postfix-2.11.0-5.2.2.i586[repo-oss]
                   sendmail-8.14.9-2.2.2.i586[repo-oss]
                   exim-4.83-3.1.8.x86_64[repo-oss]
                   msmtp-mta-1.4.32-2.1.3.x86_64[repo-oss]
                   postfix-2.11.0-5.2.2.x86_64[repo-oss]
                   sendmail-8.14.9-2.2.2.x86_64[repo-oss]
                   postfix-2.11.3-5.5.1.i586[repo-update]
                   postfix-2.11.3-5.5.1.x86_64[repo-update]
 Solution 1: Following actions will be done:
  do not install php5-5.6.1-18.1.x86_64
  do not install php5-pear-Auth_SASL-1.0.6-7.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Http-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Image-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Kolab_Format-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Ldap-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Memcache-2.0.1-7.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Mime-2.0.2-6.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Oauth-2.0.0-6.1.3.noarch
  do not install php5-pear-Horde_Pdf-2.0.1-6.1.3.noarch
....
  1. 使用模式名称(模式名称是一类软件包的名字)来批量安装软件包。
# zypper in -t pattern lamp_server
ading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 29 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  apache2 apache2-doc apache2-example-pages apache2-mod_perl apache2-prefork patterns-openSUSE-lamp_server perl-Data-Dump perl-Encode-Locale perl-File-Listing perl-HTML-Parser
  perl-HTML-Tagset perl-HTTP-Cookies perl-HTTP-Daemon perl-HTTP-Date perl-HTTP-Message perl-HTTP-Negotiate perl-IO-HTML perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-libwww-perl perl-Linux-Pid
  perl-LWP-MediaTypes perl-LWP-Protocol-https perl-Net-HTTP perl-Net-SSLeay perl-Tie-IxHash perl-TimeDate perl-URI perl-WWW-RobotRules yast2-http-server

The following NEW pattern is going to be installed:
  lamp_server

The following 10 recommended packages were automatically selected:
  apache2 apache2-doc apache2-example-pages apache2-mod_perl apache2-prefork perl-Data-Dump perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-LWP-Protocol-https perl-TimeDate yast2-http-server

29 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 7.2 MiB. Already cached: 1.2 MiB  After the operation, additional 34.7 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): 
  1. 使用一行命令安装一个软件包同时卸载另一个软件包,例如在安装 nano 的同时卸载 vi
# zypper in nano -vi
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
&apos;-vi&apos; not found in package names. Trying capabilities.
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 2 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  nano nano-lang

The following package is going to be REMOVED:
  vim

The following recommended package was automatically selected:
  nano-lang

2 new packages to install, 1 to remove.
Overall download size: 550.0 KiB. Already cached: 0 B  After the operation, 463.3 KiB will be freed.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y):
...
  1. 使用 zypper 安装 rpm 软件包。
# zypper in teamviewer*.rpm
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 24 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  alsa-oss-32bit fontconfig-32bit libasound2-32bit libexpat1-32bit libfreetype6-32bit libgcc_s1-gcc49-32bit libICE6-32bit libjpeg62-32bit libpng12-0-32bit libpng16-16-32bit libSM6-32bit
  libuuid1-32bit libX11-6-32bit libXau6-32bit libxcb1-32bit libXdamage1-32bit libXext6-32bit libXfixes3-32bit libXinerama1-32bit libXrandr2-32bit libXrender1-32bit libXtst6-32bit
  libz1-32bit teamviewer

The following recommended package was automatically selected:
  alsa-oss-32bit

24 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 41.2 MiB. Already cached: 0 B  After the operation, additional 119.7 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y):
..

使用 zypper 卸载软件包

  1. 命令 ‘zypper remove‘ 和 ‘zypper rm‘ 用于卸载软件包。例如卸载 apache2:
# zypper remove apache2 

或者

# zypper rm apache2
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 2 packages are going to be REMOVED:
  apache2 apache2-prefork

2 packages to remove.
After the operation, 4.2 MiB will be freed.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
(1/2) Removing apache2-2.4.10-19.1 ........................................................................[done]
(2/2) Removing apache2-prefork-2.4.10-19.1 ................................................................[done] 

使用Zypper 进行软件包更新

  1. 更新所有的软件包,可以使用 ‘zypper update‘ 或者 ‘zypper up‘。
# zypper up 

或者

# zypper update

Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Nothing to do. 
  1. 更新指定的软件包,例如更新 apache2 以及 openssh。
 zypper up apache2 openssh
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
No update candidate for &apos;apache2-2.4.10-19.1.x86_64&apos;. The highest available version is already installed.
No update candidate for &apos;openssh-6.6p1-5.1.3.x86_64&apos;. The highest available version is already installed.
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do.
  1. 安装一个软件库,例如 mariadb,如果该库存在则更新之。
# zypper in mariadb
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
&apos;mariadb&apos; is already installed.
No update candidate for &apos;mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1.x86_64&apos;. The highest available version is already installed.
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do.

安装源文件并且构建依赖关系

命令 ‘zypper source-install‘ 或者 ‘zypper si‘ 可以用于从源文件编译软件包

  1. 安装某一个软件包的源文件及其依赖关系,例如 mariadb。
# zypper si mariadb
Reading installed packages...
Loading repository data...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 36 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  autoconf automake bison cmake cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 gcc48-c++ gcc-c++ libaio-devel libarchive13 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libedit-devel libevent-devel libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10
  libitm1-gcc49 libltdl7 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libopenssl-devel libstdc++48-devel libtool libtsan0-gcc49 m4 make ncurses-devel pam-devel readline-devel site-config tack tcpd-devel zlib-devel

The following source package is going to be installed:
  mariadb

36 new packages to install, 1 source package.
Overall download size: 71.5 MiB. Already cached: 129.5 KiB  After the operation, additional 183.9 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y 
  1. 仅为某一个软件包安装源文件,例如 mariadb
# zypper in -D mariadb
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
&apos;mariadb&apos; is already installed.
No update candidate for &apos;mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1.x86_64&apos;. The highest available version is already installed.
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do. 
  1. 仅为某一个软件包安装依赖关系,例如 mariadb
# zypper si -d mariadb
Reading installed packages...
Loading repository data...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following 36 NEW packages are going to be installed:
  autoconf automake bison cmake cpp cpp48 gcc gcc48 gcc48-c++ gcc-c++ libaio-devel libarchive13 libasan0 libatomic1-gcc49 libcloog-isl4 libedit-devel libevent-devel libgomp1-gcc49 libisl10
  libitm1-gcc49 libltdl7 libmpc3 libmpfr4 libopenssl-devel libstdc++48-devel libtool libtsan0-gcc49 m4 make ncurses-devel pam-devel readline-devel site-config tack tcpd-devel zlib-devel

The following package is recommended, but will not be installed due to conflicts or dependency issues:
  readline-doc

36 new packages to install.
Overall download size: 33.7 MiB. Already cached: 129.5 KiB  After the operation, additional 144.3 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y

在脚本和应用中调用 Zypper (非交互式)

  1. 安装一个软件包,并且在安装过程中跳过与用户的交互, 例如 mariadb。
# zypper --non-interactive in mariadb
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
&apos;mariadb&apos; is already installed.
No update candidate for &apos;mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1.x86_64&apos;. The highest available version is already installed.
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do.
  1. 卸载一个软件包,并且在卸载过程中跳过与用户的交互,例如 mariadb
# zypper --non-interactive rm mariadb
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

The following package is going to be REMOVED:
  mariadb

1 package to remove.
After the operation, 71.8 MiB will be freed.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y): y
(1/1) Removing mariadb-10.0.13-2.6.1 .............................................................................[done] 
  1. 以 XML 格式显示 zypper 的输出。
# zypper --xmlout
  Usage:
    zypper [--global-options]  [--command-options] [arguments]

  Global Options
....
  1. 在安装过程中禁止详细信息输出到屏幕。
# zypper --quiet in mariadb
The following NEW package is going to be installed:
  mariadb

1 new package to install.
Overall download size: 0 B. Already cached: 7.8 MiB  After the operation, additional 71.8 MiB will be used.
Continue? [y/n/? shows all options] (y):
...
  1. 在卸载过程中禁止详细信息输出到屏幕
# zypper --quiet rm mariadb 
  1. 自动地同意版权或者协议。
# zypper patch --auto-agree-with-licenses
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...
Resolving package dependencies...

Nothing to do.

清除 Zypper 缓存以及查看历史信息

  1. 以下指令可以用来清理Zypper缓存。
# zypper clean
All repositories have been cleaned up.

如果需要一次性地清理元数据以及软件包缓存,可以通过 -all 或 -a 选项来达到目的

<pre><code># zypper clean -a
All repositories have been cleaned up.</code></pre>
  1. 查看 Zypper 的历史信息。任何通过 Zypper 进行的软件包管理动作,包括安装、更新以及卸载都会在 /var/log/zypp/history中保留历史信息。可以通过 cat 来查看此文件,或者通过过滤器来筛选希望看到的信息。
 cat /var/log/zypp/history
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|boost-license1_54_0|1.54.0-10.1.3|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|0523b909d2aae5239f9841316dafaf3a37b4f096|
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|branding-openSUSE|13.2-3.6.1|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|6609def94b1987bf3f90a9467f4f7ab8f8d98a5c|
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|bundle-lang-common-en|13.2-3.3.1|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|ca55694e6fdebee6ce37ac7cf3725e2aa6edc342|
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|insserv-compat|0.1-12.2.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|6160de7fbf961a279591a83a1550093a581214d9|
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|libX11-data|1.6.2-5.1.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|f1cb58364ba9016c1f93b1a383ba12463c56885a|
2015-05-07 15:43:03|install|libnl-config|3.2.25-2.1.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|aab2ded312a781e93b739b418e3d32fe4e187020|
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|wireless-regdb|2014.06.13-1.2|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|be8cb16f3e92af12b5ceb977e37e13f03c007bd1|
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|yast2-trans-en_US|3.1.0-2.1|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|1865754e5e0ec3c149ac850b340bcca55a3c404d|
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|yast2-trans-stats|2.19.0-16.1.3|noarch||openSUSE-13.2-0|b107d2b3e702835885b57b04d12d25539f262d1a|
2015-05-07 15:43:04|install|cracklib-dict-full|2.8.12-64.1.2|x86_64||openSUSE-13.2-0|08bd45dbba7ad44e3a4837f730be76f55ad5dcfa|
......

使用 Zypper 进行SUSE系统升级

  1. 可以使用 Zypper 命令的 'dist-upgrade' 选项来将当前的 SUSE Linux 升级至最新版本。
# zypper dist-upgrade
You are about to do a distribution upgrade with all enabled repositories. Make sure these repositories are compatible before you continue. See &apos;man zypper&apos; for more information about this command.
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-0&apos; cache .....................................................................[done]
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Debug&apos; metadata ............................................................[done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Debug&apos; cache .................................................................[done]
Retrieving repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; metadata ..........................................................[done]
Building repository &apos;openSUSE-13.2-Non-Oss&apos; cache ...............................................................[done]

正文至此结束。希望本文可以帮助读者尤其是新手们管理SUSE Linux系统和服务器。如果您觉得某些比较重要的命令被作者漏掉了,请在评论部分写下您的返回,作者将根据评论对文章进行更新。保持联络,保持评论,多谢支持。

via: http://www.tecmint.com/zypper-commands-to-manage-suse-linux-package-management/

作者:Avishek Kumar 译者:张博约 校对:wxy

本文由 LCTT 原创翻译,Linux中国 荣誉推出


本文转载来自 Linux 中国: https://github.com/Linux-CN/archive

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